You can do this using Ruby. I’ll write this out a bit verbosely so it hopefully makes more sense:
# Get the current article's category
category = current_resource.data.category
# Other articles that share the same category
category_articles = blog.articles.select {|a| a.data.category == category && a != current_resource }
# Reverse-sorted by date
sorted_category_articles = category_articles.sort_by {|a| a.date }.reverse
# Top 5
latest_category_articles = sorted_category_articles.first(5)
Now you can loop over latest_category_articles
and print them out:
<ul>
<% latest_category_articles.each do |article| %>
<li><%= link_to article.title, article %></li>
<% end %>
</ul>